Change and continuity in the Moroccan solidarity towards Palestine: the state and civil society in the face of the normalization agreements and the Gaza war
Keywords:
Morocco, Palestine, Hegemony, Civil Society, Gaza WarCopyright (c) 2024 Alfonso Casani, Francesco Colin

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Abstract
This article compares the discursive practices of the Moroccan state and civil society in constructing a narrative of solidarity with the Palestinian cause in Morocco. In doing so, it emphasizes the role of discourse in producing hegemonic consensus and common collective identities. Specifically, the article analyzes the impact of the signing of the Morocco-Israel normalization agreements and the Gaza war (2023-2024) on this hegemonic consensus. Both events challenge the positions of the Moroccan state and civil society concerning the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To this end, the article examines the practices of Moroccan civil society as agents of counter-hegemony, and the ways in which the State has navigated the ambivalence generated by the normalization agreements while maintaining formal solidarity with the Palestinian cause. Studying the Moroccan popular reaction to the Gaza war of 2023 allows for an exploration of the cleavages structuring the relationship between the Moroccan state and civil society.
Downloads
References
ALLAL, Abderrahmane (2022): “Party of Ashes: an attempt to explain PJD’s results in the September 8, 2021 elections”, MIPA Institute, 7 de marzo de 2022, disponible en https://mipa.institute/en/8983 [consulta en 26 de noviembre de 2024]
ASSARAF, Robert (1997): “Mohammed V et les Juifs du Maroc à l’époque de Vichy”, Paris, Plon.
BENFORD, Robert D. y SNOW, David A. (2000): “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment”, Annual Review of Sociology, no 26:6, pp. 11–39.
BENNANI-CHRAÏBI, Mounia (2008): ‘Les conflits du Moyen-Orient au miroir des communautés imaginées : la rue arabe existe-t-elle ? Le cas du Maroc’, A contrario, no 5:1, pp. 147–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/aco.052.0147.
BIEKART, Kees y FOWLER, Alan (2023): “Interrogating Civic Space: Applying a Civic-Driven Change Perspective” en BIEKART, Kees; KONTINEN, Tiina y MILLSTEIN, Maria (dir.): Civil Society Responses to Changing Civic Spaces, Cham, Springer International Publishing, pp. 27-48.
BROUKSY, Omar : “Maroc. Manifestations populaires et silence royal”, Orient XXI, 23 de enero de 2024, disponible en https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-manifestations-populaires-et-silence-royal,7010 [consulta en 30 de agosto de 2024]
CARRAGEE, Kevin M. y ROEFS, Wim (2004) : “The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research”, Journal of Communication, no 54:2, pp. 214–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02625.x.
CARROLL, William K. y RATNER Robert S. (1996): “Master Frames and Counter-Hegemony: Political Sensibilities in Contemporary Social Movements”, Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, no 33:4, pp. 407–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1996.tb00955.x.
CASANI, Alfonso (2022): “El Islam Político En La Oposición Marroquí: La Politización Vacilante Del Movimiento Justicia y Espiritualidad”, en AZAOLA, Barbara; DESRUES, Thierry; HERNANDO DE LARRAMEDI, Miguel; PLANET, Ana y RAMÍREZ, Ángeles (dir.): Cambio, crisis y movilizaciones en el Mediterráneo Occidental, Granada, Comares, pp. 311–28.
CASANI, Alfonso y COLIN, Francesco (2023): “Evolving consensus around Moroccan-Israeli normalisation: a political space analysis”, L’Année du Maghreb , no 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/anneemaghreb.12718.
COLIN, Francesco (2024): “Red Lines, Where to Find Them, and How to Work with Them: Civil Society, the State, and Political Change in Morocco”. Arab Reform Initiative.
COX, Laurence (2024): “Social Movements and Hegemonic Struggle”, en KARROL, William K. (dir.): The Elgar Companion to Antonio Gramsci, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 370–87.
DURAC, Vincent (2019): “Civil Society in the Middle East and North Africa”, en HINNEBUSCH, Raymond y GANI, Jasmine (dir.): The Routledge Handbook to the Middle East and North African State and States System. Oxford, Routledge, pp. 165-76.
EHRENBERG, John (2011): “The History of Civil Society Ideas”, en EDWARDS, Michael (dir.): The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp.15-26.
FANON, Frantz (1963): “Los Condenados de La Tierra”, México, Fondo de cultura económica.
FEATHERSTONE, David (2012): “‘Gramsci in Action’: Space, Politics, and the Making of Solidarities”, en EKERS Michael; HART, Gillian; KIPFER, Stefan y LOFTUS Alex (dir.): Gramsci: Space, Nature, Politics, Bognor Regis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 65–82.
FELIU MARTÍNEZ, Laura y PAREJO FERNÁNDEZ, María Angustias (2009): “Marruecos: la reinvención de un sistema autoritario”, en FERRAN IZQUIERDO, Brichs (dir.): Poder y regímenes en el mundo árabe contemporáneo, Barcelona, Fundación CIDOB, pp. 105-43.
FERNÁNDEZ-MOLINA, Irene (2016): “Moroccan Foreign Policy under Mohammed VI, 1999-2014”, London y New York, Routledge.
FERNÁNDEZ-MOLINA, Irene (2014): “Morocco and the Middle East under Mohammed VI”, HH Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series, no 12, pp. 1-32
FIORI, Giuseppe (1990): “Antonio Gramsci: Life of a Revolutionary”, London, Verso Books.
FONSECA, Marco (2024): “State, Capital and Civil Society”, en KARROL, William K. (dir.): The Elgar Companion to Antonio Gramsci, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 136-51.
GRAMSCI, Antonio (2014): “Quaderni del carcere”, Torino, Giulio Einaudi Editore.
IBRAHIM, Abadir M. (2015): “The Role of Civil Society in Africa’s Quest for Democratization”, Cham, Springer International Publishing.
KAZZIHA, Walid (1985): “The Impact of Palestine on Arab Politics”, The International Spectator, no 20:2, pp. 11–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932728508456560.
KUDLENKO, Anastasiia (2015): “From Colour Revolutions to the Arab Spring: The Role of Civil Society in Democracy Building and Transition Processes”, Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, no 23:2–3, pp. 167–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0965156X.2015.1116790.
LACLAU, Ernesto y MOUFFE, Chantal (1985): “Hegemony And Socialist Strategy: Towards A Radical Democratic Politics”, London, Verso Books.
LASKIER, Michael M. (2004): “Israeli–Moroccan Relations and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1977–2002”, Israel Affairs, no 10:3, pp. 41–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1353712042000242572.
MACÍAS AMORETTI, Juan Antonio (2008): “Entre La Fe y La Razón: Los Caminos Del Pensamiento Político En Marruecos”, Jaén, Alcalá Grupo Editorial.
MADDY-WEITZMAN, Bruce (2024): “Instrumentalizing Arabism: Morocco and the Inter-Arab System”, The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, no 15:1, pp. 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2024.2304784.
MADDY-WEITZMAN, Bruce (2003): “Islamism, Moroccan-Style: The Ideas of Sheikh Yassine”, Middle East Quarterly, pp. 43-51.
MADDY-WEITZMAN, Bruce (1996): “Israel and Morocco: A Special Relationship”, The Maghreb Review, no 1:2, pp. 36-48
MAGLARAS, Vasilis (2013): “Consent and Submission: Aspects of Gramsci’s Theory of the Political and Civil Society”, Sage Open, no 3:1, pp. 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244012472347.
MCMANUS, Allison L. (2016): “Deliberative Street Politics and Sacralized Dissent: Morocco’s 20 February Movement and the Jamaa Al Adl Wal Ihsane”, Social Movement Studies, no 15:6, pp. 643–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2016.1214069.
MILLER, Catherine; CAUBET, Dominique y ZIAMARI, Karima (2023): “From Emotion to Politics: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Moroccan Ultras’ Chants”, Journal of Arabic Sociolinguistics, no 1:1, pp. 50–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/arabic.2023.0005.
O’DONNELL, Guillermo; SCHMITTER, Philippe C. y WHITEHEAD, Laurence (1986): “Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives”, Baltimore, JHU Press.
POLLETTA, Francesca y JASPER, James M. (2001) : “Collective Identity and Social Movements”, Annual Review of Sociology, no 27:1, pp. 283–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.283.
POUSADELA, Ines M. y PERERAA, Dominic R. (2021): “The Enemy Within? Anti-Rights Groups and Restrictions on Civil Society”, Global Policy, no 12:S5, pp. 34–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12981.
ROGGEBAND, Conny, y KRIZSÁN, Andrea (2021): “The Selective Closure of Civic Space”, Global Policy, no 12:S5, pp. 23–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12973.
SALIME, Zakia y SILVERSTEIN, Paul (2017): “Morocco’s Palestinian Politics”, MERIP, no 282.
SEGEV, Samuel y SHUMACHER, Yvette (2008): “Israel—Morocco Relations From Hassan II to Muhammad VI”, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, no 2:3, pp. 49–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2008.11446330.
TESSLER, Mark (1988): “Moroccan-Israeli Relations and the Reasons for Moroccan Receptivity to Contact with Israel”, Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, no 10, pp. 76–108.
TOEPLER, Stefan; ZIMMER, Annette; FRÖHLICH, Christian y OBUCH, Katharina (2020): “The Changing Space for NGOs: Civil Society in Authoritarian and Hybrid Regimes”, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, no 31:4, pp. 649–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-020-00240-7.
VAIREL, Frédéric (2021): “«?Qu’avez-vous fait de vos vingt ans???» Militantismes marocains du 23-mars (1965) au 20 février (2011) ”, L’Année du Maghreb, no 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/anneemaghreb.7555.
WARSHEL, Yael (2021): “Why ‘Peace’ Between Morocco and Israel Matters for Western Sahara but Not for the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, no 11:2, pp. 121–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.11.2.07.
WHITE, Gregory (2024): “The Israel–Gaza War—and Morocco’s Precarity”, Society, no 61:2, pp. 228–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-024-00971-z.
YASSINE, Abdessalam (2023): “Islamiser La Modernité”, 2a edicion, Estambul, Dar Ikdam.
ZEGHAL, Malika (2008): “Islamism in Morocco: Religion, Authoritarianism, and Electoral Politics”, Princeton, Markus Wiener Publishers.