Keywords:
Gilberto Freyre, Empire, ideology, lusotropicalism, international politicsCopyright (c) 2015 Jens BARTELSON
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
This article is an inquiry into the ideological foundations of Portuguese postwar imperialism, arguing that these reveal some conceptual tensions characteristic of late-modern justifications of imperial governance, such as anxieties about imperial decline and a deflection of imperial ambitions. Doing this, the article focuses on how the social theory of Gilberto Freyre was appropriated to legitimize Portuguese claims to authority over its overseas possessions, and how the resulting ideology of lusotropicalism continued to resonate long after the demise of the Portuguese empire. By exposing the structure and conceptual tensions of this ideology, the article tries to reveal some of the dilemmas that any imperial scheme has to confront in a world in which territorially bounded and culturally homogeneous states constitute the sole legitimate claimants to sovereign authority.
Downloads
References
ARMITAGE, David, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
ARMITAGE, David, The Declaration of Independence. A Global History, MA: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
BARTELSON Jens, “From Empire to Sovereignty –and Back?” en Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 28, nº 2, 2014, ps. 251-262.
BARTLEWSKI, Sabine, “Gilberto Freyre –Uma Questão de Identidade” en Tópicos, nº 2, 2000, ps. 24-25.
BETHENCOURT, Francisco y RAMADA CURTO, Diogo (eds.), Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
BROWN, Wendy, Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in an Age of Identity and Empire, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2006.
CABRAL, Amílcar, Unity and Struggle. Speeches and Writings, Heinemann, Londres, 1980 [Traducido por Michael Wolfers]
CAHEN, Michel, “Des Caravelles pour le Futur? Discours Politique et Idéologie dans l’’Institutionalisation ‘ de la Communauté des Pays de Langue Portugaise? en Lusotopie, 1997, ps. 391-433.
CAHEN, Michel, “’Portugal is in the Sky’. Conceptual Considerations on Communities, Lusitanity and Lusophony” en MORIER-GENOUD, Eric y CAHEN, Michel (eds.) Imperial Migrations. Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2012, ps. 297-315.
CAIRO, Heriberto, “Portugal is not a Small Country: Maps and Propaganda in the Salazar Regime” en Geopolitics, vol. 11, nº 3, 2006, ps. 367-395.
CASTELO, Cláudia, O Modo Português de Estar no Mundo: O lusotropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa, 1933-1961, Edições Afrontamento, Porto, 1998, ps. 13-67.
CLARENCE-SMITH, William G., The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975: a study in economic imperialism, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1985.
CLEARY, David, “Race, Nationalism and Social Theory in Brazil”, artículo no publicado, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 1999.
De CARVALHO, Benjamin, “The Modern Roots of Feudal Empires. The donatary captaincies and the legacies of the Portuguese empire in Brazil”, en HALPERIN, Sandra y PALAN, Ronen (eds.), Legacies of Empire. Imperial roots of the contemporary world order, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015, ps. 128-148.
DOYLE, Michael, Empires, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1986.
DUVERGER, Maurice, Le Concept d’Empire, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1980.
EISENSTADT, Shmuel N., The Political Systems of Empire, The Free Press, Nueva York, 1963.
FOUCAULT, Michel, The Birth of Biopolitics. Lectures at the Collège de France 1978-1979, Picador, Nueva York, 2008.
FREEDEN, Michel, “Ideology and Political Theory” en Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 11, nº 1, 2006, ps. 3-22.
FREYRE, Gilberto, O Mundo que o Português Criou: Aspectos das Relaçoes Sociais e de Cultura do Brasil com Colónias Portuguesas, José Olympio, Río de Janeiro, 1940.
FREYRE, Gilberto, The Masters and the Slaves. A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization, Alfred Knopf, Nueva York, 1946.
FREYRE, Gilberto, Um Brasileiro em Terras Portuguêsas, José Olympio, Río de Janeiro, 1953.
FREYRE, Gilberto, Portuguese Integration in the Tropics. Notes concerning a possible Lusotropicology which would specialize in the systematic study of the ecological-social process of the integration in tropical environments of Portuguese, descendants of Portuguese and continuators of Portuguese, Realização Grafica da Tipografia Silvas, Lisboa, 1961.
FREYRE, Gilberto, O Luso e O Trópico: sugestões em torno dos métodos portugueses de integração de povos autóctones e de culturas diferentes da europeia num complexo novo de civilização, o luso-tropical, Comissão Executiva das Comemorações do V Centenário da Morte do Infante D. Henrique, Lisboa, 1961.
FREYRE, Gilberto, The Mansions and the Shanties. The Making of Modern Brazil, Alfred Knopf, Nueva York, 1963.
HUTCHINGS, Ross, “Empire and the State: a critical theoretical assessment” en Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 60, nº 3, 2006, ps. 429-438.
KEENE, Edward, Beyond the Anarchical Society. Grotius, Colonialism, and Order in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, ps. 120-144.
KOSKENNIEMI, Martti, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870- 1960, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, ps. 98-178.
LEONARD, Yves, “Salazarisme et Lusotropicalisme, Histoire d’une Appropriation” en Lusotopie, 1997, ps. 211-226.
LEVI-SRAUSS, Claude, Tristes Tropiques, Atheneum, Nueva York, 1974, [1ª edición de 1955].
LIEVEN, Dominic, “Dilemmas of Empire 1850-1918. Power, Territory, Identity” en Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 34, nº 2, 1999, ps. 163-200.
MACQUEEN, Norrie, The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa. Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire, Longman, Londres, 1997.
MACQUEEN, Norrie, “Re-defining the ‘African Vocation’: Portugal’s Post-Colonial Identity Crisis” en Journal of Contemporary European History, vol. 11, nº 2, 2002, ps. 181-199.
MACQUEEN, Norrie, “Belated decolonization and UN politics against the backdrop of the Cold War” en Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 8, nº 4, 2006, ps. 29-56.
MEHTA, Uday S., Liberalism and Empire. A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999.
MENDES CORREIA, António A., “Valor Psico-Social Comparado das Raças Coloniais” en Trabalhos do Primero Congresso Nacional da Antropologia Colonial, Porto, 1934, ps. 385-393.
MOREFIELD, Jeanne, Empires without Imperialism: Anglo-American decline and the politics of deflection, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
MORGENTHAU, Hans J., Politics among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace, Alfred Knopf, Nueva York, 1985.
PADGEN, Anthony, Lords of all the World. Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-c.1850, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995.
PAQUETTE, Gabriel, Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, C. 1770-1850, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013.
PIMENTA, José R., SARMENTO, João y de AZEVEDO, Ana F., “Lusotropicalism: Tropical geography under dictatorship, 1926-1974” en Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. 32, nº 2, 2011, ps. 220-235.
PITTS, Jennifer, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005.
QUINT, David, Epic and Empire. Politics and Generic form from Virgil to Milton, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1993.
RIBEIRO, Margarida C., “Empire, Colonial Wars, and Post-Colonialism in the Portuguese Contemporary Imagination” en Portuguese Studies, vol. 18, nº 1, 2002, ps. 132-214.
ROSS, Dorothy, The Origins of American Social Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
RUSSELL-WOOD, Anthony J.R., The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808, A World on the Move, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1998.
SCHOUTEN, Maria J., “Antropologia e Colonialismo em Timor Português” en Lusotopie, 2001, ps. 157-171.
SIDAWAY, James D. y POWER, Marcus, “’The Tears of Portugal’: Empire, Identity, ‘Race’ and Destiny in Portuguese Geopolitical Narratives” en Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 23, nº 4, 2005, ps. 527-554.
SKIDMORE, Thomas E., “Race and Class in Brazil: Historical Perspectives” en Luso-Brazilian Review, vol. 20, nº 1, 1983, ps. 104-118.
VALE DE ALMEIDA, Miguel, An Earth-Colored Sea. ‘Race’, Culture and the Politics of Identity in the PostColonial Portuguese Speaking World, Berghahn, Nueva York, 2004.
VV.AA., Condicionamentos Internaçionais da Área Lusotropical, 1ª Jornadas de Tropicologia, 1984, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Editorial Massangana, Recife, 1985.
YATES, Frances A., Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century, Routledge, Londres, 1975.