Recent Immigration and Integration Policies in the Nordic Countries. Transnational dynamics and national discourses faced with forced and economic immigration
Keywords:
Refugees’ crisis , immigration policies , integration policies , foreigners , citizenshipCopyright (c) 2017 Angel Manuel AHEDO SANTIESTEBAN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
The Nordic countries, characterized by developed welfare states, had a strong tradition of a humanitarian and an internationalist refugee policy. In the last decades, however, the immigration and integration policies have become: firstly increasingly interrelated, for example, integration policies are a basic element to construct country’s external image, with regards to potential immigrants and refugees; and secondly more interventionist, restrictive and exclusive, especially since the so-called refugee crisis of 2015. These immigration-integration policies take place within dynamics at two levels: a first level of transnational debates and policy processes, and a second level of national discourses on immigration and national ideologies and models of citizenship that define the frame of expectation for the integration of immigrants. This article looks at some of the relevant factors that have been the main drivers of these discourses and policies, such as the influence of anti-immigrant parties, the growing role of digital media, and the research-academic community’s discursive effects.
Downloads
References
ANDERSSON, Mette, “The debate about multicultural Norway before and after 22 July 2011” en Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 289 vol. 19, nº 4, 2012, pp. 418- 427.
BECH, Henning y NECEF, Mehmet Ümit, Er danskerne racister?, Frydenlund, Copenhague, 2013.
BECH, Emily C., BOREVI, Karin y MOURITSEN, Per, "A ‘civic turn’ in Scandinavian family migration policies? Comparing Denmark, Norway and Sweden" en Comparative Migration Studies vol. 5, nº 1, 2017, p. 7.
BERGMANN, Eirikur. Nordic Nationalism and Right-Wing Populist Politics, Palgrave Macmillan UK, Londres, 2017.
BREIDAHL, Karen N., “Scandinavian exceptionalism? Civic integration and labour market activation for newly arrived immigrants” en Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 5, nº 2, 2017.
BROCHMANN, Grete y HAGELUND, Anniken "Norway: The Land of the Golden Mean" en BROCHMANN, Grete y HAGELUND, Anniken (ed.). Immigration policy and the Scandinavian welfare state 1945-2010, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2012, pp. 149-223.
BROCHMANN, Grete y HAGELUND, Anniken, "Migrants in the Scandinavian welfare state. The emergence of a social policy problem” en Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 1, nº 1, 2011, pp. 13-24.
CASTLES, Stephen, “Towards a sociology of forced migration and social transformation” en Sociology, vol. 37, nº 1, 2003, pp. 13-34.
ELLINAS, Antonis, The Media and the Far Right in Western Europe: Playing the Nationalist Card, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
EMILSON, Henrik, "A national turn of local integration policy: multi-level governance dynamics in Denmark and Sweden" en Comparative Migration Studies vol. 3.1, nº 7, 2015.
FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH, Elena, LOESCHER, Gil, LONG, Katy y SIGONA, Nando (ed.) The Oxford handbook of refugee and forced migration studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014
FIGENSCHOU, Tine Ustad y BEYER, Audun. “Elitene, minoritetene og mediene–Definisjonsmakt i norsk innvandringsdebatt”, Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning, vol. 55, nº 1, 2014, pp. 23-51.
FREUDLUN-BLOMST, Sofie, Assessing Immigrant Integration in Sweden after the May 2013 Riots, 2014, January: http://www.migrationpolicy.org [Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2017)
GARDELL, Mattias. “What’s Love Got to Do with It?: Ultranationalism, Islamophobia, and Hate Crime in Sweden” en Journal of Religion and Violence, 2015.
GEDDES, Andrew y SCHOLTEN, Peter, The politics of migration and immigration in Europe. Sage, London, 2016.
GEDDES, Andrew y SCHOLTEN, Peter, “Sweden: inmigration politics in an advanced welfare state”, en GEDDES, Andrew y SCHOLTEN, Peter, The politics of migration and immigration in Europe. Sage, London, 2016, pp. 125-145.
GOODMAN, Sara W. "Fortifying citizenship: policy strategies for civic integration in Western Europe" en World Politics vol. 64, nº 04, 2012, pp. 659-698.
GOODMAN, Sara W. y WRIGHT, Matthew "Does mandatory integration matter? Effects of civic requirements on immigrant socio-economic and political outcomes" en Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies vol. 41, nº 12, 2015, pp. 1885-1908.
HEDETOFT, Ulf Riber, "More than kin and less than kind: the Danish politics of ethnic consensus and the pluricultural challenge" en CAMPBELL, John L., HALL, John A. y PEDERSEN, Ove K. (ed.) National identity and the varieties of capitalism: The Danish experience, McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2006, pp. 398-430.
HELSSTRÖM, Anders, Trust us: Reproducing the nation and the Scandinavian nationalist populist parties, Berghahn Books, 2016.
HORSTI, Karina y NIKUNEN, Kaarina, "The ethics of hospitality in changing journalism: A response to the rise of the anti-immigrant movement in Finnish media publicity" en European journal of cultural studies vol. 16, nº 4, 2013, pp. 489-504.
KING, Russell, Theories and typologies of migration: An overview and a primer. Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Immigration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), 2013.
JOPPKE, Christian, "Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe" en West European Politics vol. 30, nº 1, 2007, pp. 1-22.
JØRGENSEN, Martin Bak, “Understanding the research–policy nexus in Denmark and Sweden: The field of migration and integration” en The British Journal of Politics and International Relations vol. 13, nº 1, 2011, pp. 93-109.
LITHMAN, Yngve, "Norwegian multicultural debates in a Scandinavian comparative perspective" en HELLSTRÖM, Anders (ed), Debating multiculturalism in the Nordic welfare states, Palgrave Macmillan UK, Basingstoke, 2013, pp. 246-269.
MÄKINEN, Katariina, “Struggles of citizenship and class: anti‐immigration activism in Finland” en The Sociological Review, 2016, pp. 1-17.
MESSINA, Anthony M., The logics and politics of post-WWII migration to Western Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
NOU, “Integrasjon og tillit. Langsiktige konsekvenser av høy innvandring (Integración y confianza. Consecuencias a largo plazo de la alta inmigración)”, Gobierno de Noruega, 2017.
SCHOLTEN, Peter, ENTZINGER, Han, PENNINX, Rinus, “Research-policy dialogues on migrant integration in Europe: comparison and conclusions”, en SCHOLTEN, Peter y ENTZINGER, Han (ed) Integrating Immigrants in Europe. Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 315-336.
SIMONSEN, Kristina Bakkær, "Does citizenship always further immigrants’ feeling of belonging to the host nation? A study of policies and public attitudes in 14 Western democracies" en Comparative Migration Studies vol. 5.1, nº 3, 2016.
VAN DIJK, Teun, “Ideologies, racism, discourse: Debates on immigration and ethnic issues” en WAL Jessika ter y VERKUYTEN, Maykel (ed.), Comparative perspectives on racism, Ashgate, 2000, pp. 91-116.
VAN DIJK, Teun, “Discurso de las élites y racismo institucional” en LARIO, Manuel (ed.). Medios de comunicación e inmigración, CAM – Obra Social, Murcia, 2006, pp. 15-34.
WAHLBECK, Öste, “True Finns and Non-True Finns: The Minority Rights Discourse of Populist Politics in Finland” en Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 37, nº6, 2016, pp. 574-588.
WICKSTRÖM, Mats, "Conceptual change in postwar Sweden: the marginalization of assimilation and the introduction of integration" en HELLSTRÖM, Anders (ed.). Debating multiculturalism in the Nordic welfare states, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013, 110-139.
WIGGEN, Mett, "Rethinking anti-immigration rhetoric after the Oslo and Utøya terror attacks" en New Political Science vol. 34, nº 4, 2012, pp. 585-604.
WREN, Karen, “Cultural racism: something rotten in the state of Denmark?” en Social & Cultural Geography, vol. 2, nº 2, 2001, pp. 141-162.