De l'arabfishing au passing : des problèmes identitaires alimentés par la culture des réseaux sociaux
Mots-clés :
Arabfishing, Passing racial, Transrracialidad, Catfishing , Apropiación cultural(c) Tous droits réservés Maria Josefa Busquier Cerdán 2025
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Résumé
El propósito de este artículo es presentar dos de los diferentes fenómenos sociales surgidos en los últimos años a nivel mundial asociados a la usurpación y a la ocultación de la identidad: el arabfishing y el passing racial o etnológico. Veremos cómo personas de origen no árabe ni musulmán se hacen pasar por personas pertenecientes a dichas comunidades o grupos sociales, étnicos y religiosos y, por el contrario, cómo personas de origen árabe y/o musulmán tienen que disimular o renunciar a su identidad para aparentar otra, en la mayoría de los casos una identidad que se ajusta a los roles establecidos en el mundo occidental. Estos fenómenos sociales surgen como consecuencia directa de una sociedad basada en la lógica neoliberal en la que todo se percibe como producto intercambiable y monetizable en el mercado, incluso lo más genuino, intangible e inherente a la identidad de las personas como la cultura o las relaciones sociales y personales. Precisamente, las redes sociales e internet son los medios donde más se pueden constatar dichos fenómenos y sus consecuencias, ya que la identidad en los espacios digitales es un factor económico determinante. Estudiaremos las causas y las consecuencias de estos fenómenos.
Téléchargements
Références
ATLURI, Tara (2017): “’Like PLO I Don’t Surrender’: Genealogies of Orientalist Feminine Evil and Terror of the Artistic”, en FALLWELL, Lynne y WILLIAMS, Keira (dir.): Gender and the Representation of Evil, Nueva York, Routledge, pp. 177-196.
BARSAMIAN, Kahn, Kimberly; SPENCER, Katherine y GLASER, Jack, (2013): “Online Prejudice and Discrimination: From Dating to Hating”, en AMICHAI-HAMBURGUER (dir.), The Social Net: Understanding our online behavior, Oxford, Oxford University Press EBooks, pp. 201-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639540.003.0011
BAUMAN, Zygmunt (2016): La Cultura en el mundo de la Modernidad Líquida, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
BESSONE, Magali (2022): “Le Concept d’intégration, Effet Essentiellement Secondaire de La Déségrégation Raciale??”, Archives de Philosophie, 85, no. 3, 13-29.
BEYDOUN, Khaled A. y WILSON, Erika K. (2017): “Reverse Passing”, en UCLA L. Rev., 64, 282.
BOURSIER, Valentina; GIOIA, Francesca y GRIFFITHS, Mark D (2020): “Do Selfie-Expectancies and Social Appearance Anxiety Predict Adolescents’ Problematic Social Media Use?”, Computers in Human Behavior, nº. 110, s. p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106395
BOUTELDJA, Houria (2017): “Les Blancs, les Juifs et nous: Vers une politique de l'amour révolutionnaire”, Paris: La Fabrique.
BRADMAN, Taylor J. y GUSTAFSON, David M. (2021): “Who Are We? Identity in a Social Media Age”, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, nº. 33, pp. 105-122. https://doi.org/10.5840/jis2021331/26
BROCK, André (2009): “Life on the Wire.” Information, Communication & Society 12, nº. 3, 344-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802660628
BRUBAKER, Rogers (2017): Trans: Gender and race in an age of unsettled identities, Princeton, Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1wf4ckd
BUSSIGNY, Nora : "‘Arab fishing’?: qui sont ces influenceuses qui s'inventent des origines maghrébines??”, Marianne.net., 30 de enero de 2023, disponible en https://www.marianne.net/societe/arab-fishing-qui-sont-ces-influenceuses-qui-sinventent-des-origines-maghrebines [consulta: 11 de enero de 2024]
CELESTINE, Audrey y MARTIN-BRETEAU, Nicolas (2016) : “Introduction?: Minorités Ethno-Raciales et Politisation Aux États-Unis?: Questions Anciennes, Enjeux Récents”, Politique Américaine nº. 28, pp. 9-13. https://doi.org/10.3917/polam.028.0009.
CHERID, Maha Ikram (2021): ‘Ain’t Got Enough Money to Pay Me Respect’Blackfishing, Cultural Appropriation, and the Commodification of Blackness”, Cultural Studies - Critical Methodologies, nº. 21, pp. 359-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708621102935
COULMONT, Baptiste (2016) : Changer de Prénom : De l’identité À l’authenticité, Lyon, Presses universitaires de Lyon.
DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS AND TRADE y DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY: “Race in the Workplace: The McGregor-Smith Review”, Gobierno del Reino Unido, disponible en https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/race-in-the-workplace-the-mcgregor-smith-review [consulta: 10 de enero de 2024].
ELAN, Priya: “Blackfishing: ‘Black is cool, unless you're actually black’”, The Guardian, 14 de abril de 2020, disponible en https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/apr/14/blackfishing-black-is-cool-unless-youre-actually-black [consulta: 11 de enero de 2024].
ELLINGTON, Chase: “Everyone Wants to be Black until it’s Time to be Black”, Odyssey, 1 de agosto de 2016, disponible enhttps://www.theodysseyonline.com/everyone-wants-to-be-black-until-its-time-to-be-black [consulta: 11 de enero de 2024].
EUCPN (2018): “Youth Internet Safety: Risks and Prevention”, en EUCPN Secretariat (dir.), EUCPN Theoretical Paper Series, Bruselas, European Crime Prevention Network.
GIDEON, Eric; RINJES, Ahmad; NOOR, Nurul y MASROM, Maslin (2023): “Social Media Identity Manipulation: A Review in the Context of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0”, Sains Humanika, 16, nº. 1, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v16n1.2046
HARKEMA, Graci: “How to bring your authentic self to work”,Harvard Business Review, 15 de diciembre de 2023, disponible enhttps://hbr.org/2023/12/how-to-bring-your-authentic-self-to-work [consulta: 11 de enero de 2024].
HAYEK, Friedrich A. (1978 [1944]). Camino de Servidumbre, Madrid, Alianza.
HAYWARD, Malcolm (1999): “Globalized Mergers and Acquisitions: The Dangers of a Monoculture”, Competitiveness Review, 9, nº. 2, pp. I iv. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb046376
HT TECH: “Kim Kardashian Instagram Followers Count Is Huge, but Family Just Hit the 1-Billion Mark”, HT Tech, 27 de enero de 2022, Disponible en https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/kim-kardashian-instagram-followers-count-is-huge-but-family-just-hit-the-1-billion-mark-71643295671738.html [consulta: 12 de enero de 2024].
INDEPENDENT: “Khloe Kardashian accused of ‘Blackfishing’ with Halloween costume”, Independent, 1 de noviembre de 2023, Disponible en https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/khloe-kardashian-halloween-blackfishing-b2439918.html [consulta: 15 de marzo de 2024].
INSTITUT DES POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES (IPP) : “Discrimination à l’embauche Des Personnes d’origine Supposée Maghrébine: Quels Enseignements d’une Grande Étude Par Testing?? ”, 15 de febrero de 2022, disponible en https://www.ipp.eu/publication/discrimination-a-lembauche-des-personnes-dorigine-supposee-maghrebine-quels-enseignements-dune-grande-etude-par-testing/ [consulta: 10 de enero de 2024]
ISMAIL, Donia : “S’inventer Des Origines Maghrébines Pour plus de Likes: L’‘arab-Fishing’”, Slate.fr, 7 de octubre de 2022, disponible en https://www.slate.fr/story/234547/arab-fishing-milla-jasmine-marie-germain-colonisation-fantasmes-orientalisme-arabe-maghrebine [consulta: 15 de enero de 2024].
JOOST, Henry y SCHULMAN, Ariel (2010): Catfish, Relativity Media, Rogue Pictures, Universal Pictures, Estados Unidos.
JOOST, Henry y SCHULMAN, Ariel (2012-2018): Catfish: The TV Show, MTV, Estados Unidos.
KANUHA, Valli Kalei (2023): “The Social Process of ‘Passing’ to Manage Stigma: Acts of Internalized Oppression or Acts of Resistance?”, The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 26, nº. 4, pp. 27-46. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.2606
KARIMI, Faith. “What ‘blackfishing’ Means and Why People Do It”, CNN Entertainment, 8 de Julio de 2021, disponible en https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/08/entertainment/blackfishing-explainer-trnd/index.html [consulta: 13 de enero de 2024]
KENNEDY, Randall (2001): “RacialPassing”, Ohio State Law Journal, nº. 62, pp. 1-28.
KHRAMOVA, Lyudmila N. (2023): “Personal Identity in the Era of Digital Transformation”, Intellect. Innovations. Investments, nº. 4, pp. 130-135.
LAKE, Robert W (2017): “Big Data, Urban Governance, and the Ontological Politics of Hyperindividualism”, Big Data & Society 4, nº. 1, pp. 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1177/205395171668253
LANDRIGAN, Mitchell; WILSON, Stephen y FRASER, Hamish (2023): “Why Are There So Many Digital Identities?”, Law, Technology and Humans, pp. 5, nº. 2, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.5204/lthj.3096
LAURICELLA, Alexis R.; WATERLLA, Ellen y RIDEOUT Victoria J. Rideout (2015): “Young Children’s Screen Time: The Complex Role of Parent and Child Factors”, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, pp. 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.12.001
MARRIOT, Charles. The Catfish, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Company.
MERCER, Lisa y MOSES, Terresa (2023); “Racism Untaught: Revealing and Unlearning Racialized Design”, MIT Press.
MERZOUK A : “France?: Victime de Discrimination, Il Change Son Nom Algérien.” Visas &VoyagesAlgérie, 8 de septiembre de 2022, disponible en https://www.visa-algerie.com/france-victime-de-discrimination-il-change-son-nom1/ [consulta : 12 de enero de 2024].
NEVINSON, Henry W. (1913): Essays in Rebellion, Londres, James Nisbet & CO.
NOBLE, Wayne (2017): “Trolling, the Ugly Face of the Social Network”, en OWEN, Tim; NOBLE, Wayne y SPEED, Faye Christabel (dir.), New Perspectives on Cybercrime, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 113-139.
NORBERG-HODGE, Helena (1999): “Consumer Monoculture: The Destruction of Tradition”, Global Dialogue, nº. 1, pp. 70-77.
ORTIZ GÓMEZ, María Guadalupe (2014): “El Perfil Del Ciudadano Neoliberal: La Ciudadanía de La Autogestión Neoliberal”, Sociología (México), 29 (83), pp. 165–200.
PERROTIN, David : “Discriminations Au Restaurant?: Avant Le Manko, l’enquête Contre L’Avenue Classée Sans Suite”, Mediapart, 3 de agosto de 2022, disponible en https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/280722/discriminations-au-restaurant-avant-le-manko-l-enquete-contre-l-avenue-classee-sans-suite [consulta 12 de enero de 2024].
PILLAY, Verashni: “Black culture is popular, black people ARE not” , Mail & Guardian, 1 de septiembre de 2014, disponible en https://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-01-black-culture-is-popular-black-people-are-not/ [consulta: 11 de enero de 2024].
PIPER, Adrian (1992): “Passing for White, Passing for Black”, Transition, nº. 58, pp. 4-32.
NOLAN, Megan Punschke (2015): “Learning to Circumvent the Limitations of the Written-Self: The Rhetorical Benefits of Poetic Fragmentation and Internet ‘Catfishing’”, Persona Studies, 1, nº. 1, pp. 53-64. https://ojs.deakin.edu.au/index.php/ps/article/view/431
RAUX, Morgan (2023): “Cultural Differences and Immigrants’ Wages”, Labour Economics, nº. 82, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102361
ROMINA MADRID, Miranda; CÓRDOBA CALQUÍN, Claudia y FLORES GÓMEZ, Catherine (2020): “Principals’ Leadership Tensioned by Market Pressures in Chile”, en ARAR, Khalid; ÖRÜCÜ, Deniz y WILKINSON, Jane (dir.) Neoliberalism and Education Systems in Conflict: Exploring Challenges around the World, Nueva York, Routledge.
ROTHMEL, Hersch (2015): “Cast Into Racial Limbo: The Histories, Experiences, and Intricacies of Racial Passing in Twentieth-Century America”, Strigidae, nº. 1, pp. 1-7.
ROW, Jess (2014): Your Face in Mine: A Novel, Nueva York, Penguin.
SAID, Edward W. (1990 [1978]): Orientalismo. Madrid, Libertarias.
SCHWAB, Klaus (2017): The Fourth Industrial Revolution,Nueva York: Crown Publishing.
SEET, Adam Z. (2019): “Racialised Self-Marketisation: The Importance of Accounting for Neoliberal Rationality within Manifestations of Internalised Racism”, Journal of Intercultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2019.1577227
SERPELL, Namwali (2021): “Race off: The Fantasy of Race Transformation”, The Yale Review, nº. 3, pp. 44-72.
SHAPIRO, Lauren R. (2023): Cyberpredators and their Prey, Boca Raton, CRC Press.
STEVENS, Wesley E (2021): “Blackfishing on Instagram: Influencing and the Commodification of Black Urban Aesthetic”, Social Media + Society, nº. 7, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211038236
STRIMBU, Nicole y O’CONNELL, Michael (2019): “The Relationship Between Self-Concept and Online Self-Presentation in Adults”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22, nº. 12, pp. 1-4. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0328
THOMPSON, Wanna: “How White Women on Instagram Are Profiting off Black Women”, PAPER Mag, 14 de noviembre de 2018, Disponible en https://www.papermag.com/white-women-blackfishing-instagram-2619714094.html [consulta: 13 de enero de 2023].
TIME MAGAZINE: “Keeping Up with the Kardashians is Ending. But their Exploitation of Black Women’s Aesthetics Continues”, Time Magazine, 10 de junio de 2021, Disponible en https://time.com/6072750/kardashians-blackfishing-appropriation/ [consulta: 15 de marzo de 2024].
TUVEL, Rebecca (2017): “In Defense of Transracialism”, Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, 32, nº. 2, pp. 263-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12327
TYNES, Brendesha M.; GIANG, Michael T.; WILLIAMS, David R. y THOMPSON, Geneene N. (2008): “Online Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment among Adolescents”, Journal of Adolescent Health, 43, nº. 6, pp. 565-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021
VÉLIZ, Carissa (2022): “Self-Presentation and Privacy Online”, Journal of Practical Ethics, 9, nº. 2, pp. 30-43. https://doi.org/10.3998/jpe.2379
WEINBERG, Justin: “Statement from Hypatia Board RegardingTuvel Controversy - Daily Nous” Daily Nous - News for & about the Philosophy Profession, 26 de febrero de 2019, disponible enhttps://dailynous.com/2017/05/18/statement-hypatia-board-regarding-tuvel-controversy/ [consulta: 13 de enero de 2024].
YEGENOGLU, Meyda (1998): Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583445